Physical therapy (PT) also known as physiotherapy is concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, management of disease, and disability through physical means. Physiotherapy can be used for management of various orofacial diseases such as temporomandibular joint disorder, facial paralysis, myofacial pain dysfunction, oral submucous fibrosis, and trismus. It is a noninvasive, safe, convenient, and cost-effective treatment option that can be used as simultaneously with other treatment procedures. The present article provides insight of physiotherapy as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of oral-facial diseases.

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Introduction: Traumatic dental injury is becoming a public health problem and burden worldwide due to its higher prevalence, costly treatment procedures, and its sequelae. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 1000 children aged 12 and 15 years of ten randomly selected schools of rural and urban areas of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, to evaluate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries. The relevant findings of the study were collected by self-prepared pro forma and dental examination. Ellis and Davey's classification was used to record dental trauma in permanent teeth. SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the collected data from the study. Results: The overall prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in the present study was found to be as 13.5%. Children of 12 years of age (17.6%) were more affected with traumatic dental injuries as compared to adolescents of 15 years of age (12.8%). Schoolchildren of rural areas (15.2%) were traumatized greater than urban areas (11.8%) (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Dental trauma among schoolchildren was relatively higher in Aligarh and among which children of 12 years of age of rural areas were more traumatized with dental trauma than urban areas. Hence, preventive strategies must be implemented among children, adolescents, parents, and teachers to reduce the occurrence of such deleterious injuries.

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Pulpotomy is the most commonly used treatment modality used in cariously involved primary vital primary teeth. Formocresol shows a good clinical success rate over the period of years but concerns raised due to its toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. The current review of literature provides an overview of recent advances in pulpotomy medicament that can be used as an alternative to formocresol.

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Background: Dental plaque has been known to be a reservoir of microorganisms and is considered as an etiological factor in the development of gingivitis and periodontal diseases. The aim is to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of a homemade indigenous paste using natural ingredients on plaque accumulation and gingivitis among adults at baseline, 7^th day, 14^th day, and 21^st day. Materials and Methods: The present study is a randomized controlled trial and consisted of 30 participants of the age group 18–40 years. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 each. Group A (indigenous paste group) and Group B (control group) participants were given oral hygiene instructions and were demonstrated a modified bass brushing technique. Data were collected using plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) for both the groups at baseline, 7^th day, 14^th day, and 21^st day. Results: The mean PlI scores and GI scores gradually decreased in both the groups on subsequent follow-ups. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant reduction in plaque in the indigenous paste group.

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Background: Orthodontists do not perform surgical procedures, nevertheless they are obliged to practice appropriate sterilization techniques to prevent cross-infection. This is also important from an ethical and legal point of view. The aim of the present study is to evacuate the compliance of orthodontists to infection control procedures in Khandesh region, Maharashtra. Methodology: A questionnaire with 20 items was delivered by E-mail to a total of 271 orthodontists/residents from Khandesh region, Maharashtra. The data collected from the survey was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 22 software. Results: Nearly 93.4% of the responders believed that autoclave is the best method of sterilization, 59% of the responders think that dry heat is the best for sterilization, while 50.9% of the responders think about cold chemical and 60.5% about ethylene oxide. Many responders preferred the multiple options. Conclusion: Infection control procedures in the field of orthodontics must be improved in India. Training on compliance with the infection control principles should be included in education programs and these programs should be repeated on a regular basis.

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Introduction: Dentinal hypersensitivity has been defined as a short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentine as a result of various stimuli such as heat, cold, chemical, or osmotic, that cannot be ascribed to any other pathology. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among thirty individuals with mild-to-moderate dentinal hypersensitivity. Each participant in the study group was asked to rinse the mouth twice a day by sodium bicarbonate (SB) solution for 14 days and each participant in the control group was asked to rinse the mouth with Listerine sensitivity mouth rinse for 14 days. Dentinal hypersensitivity was evaluated by air blasting method and measured by Visual Analog Scale. Results: On comparison between the study and control groups, the hypersensitivity was comparatively more reduced in the control group by the 7^th day, but by the 14^th day, there was comparatively more reduction of hypersensitivity in the study group. Conclusion: The present study concludes that SB mouth rinse is effective in decreasing dentinal hypersensitivity.

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A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified as the pathogen causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, in 2019. On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and severe obesity (body mass index, 40 kg/m²) are more likely to be infected and are at a higher risk for complications and death from COVID-19. Considering the high proportion of critically ill patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia, the difficulty for treatment, and high mortality rate, effective diabetes management under epidemic conditions is extremely important. In order to increase disease awareness and improve the prognosis and outcome of patients with diabetes, better understanding of the etiological associations between COVID-19 and diabetes is needed.

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Background: Hemorrhoids and fissure are one of the most common anorectal problems. It is reported that 1 in 5 patients suffers hemorrhoids and fissure during their lifetime. Aim and Objectives: To study the effectiveness of “pile relief device” in the management of hemorrhoids and fissures among patients attending outpatient department. Methodology: Hence, a clinical study has been carried out among 1000 patients at Rana Piles Hospital, Sirhind (Punjab), to treat the fissures and hemorrhoids by a cryotherapy device called Pile Relief Device. Results: The result shown that there is significant regression of haemorrhoidal pile mass, healing of fissure mucosa, and no anal stenosis. Conclusion: The results were shown that the Pile Relief Device is effective over today's conventional line of treatment.

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Approximately 1% of population in the world is affected by an intriguing skin depigmentation disorder, vitiligo. Typically, a vitiligo lesions are seen as white milky, nonscaly patches with separate edges. Vitiligo is caused by a selective loss of epidermal melanocytes. In vitiligo, there is impaired melanocyte regeneration and/or multiplication. Although the proportion of the population affected by this disease is very low, the disease is associated with a lot of social stigmas. This defect has an important effect on the life of the patient and still a persistent load.

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Activities of the masticatory system can be divided into functional, which includes chewing and speaking, as well as parafunctional, which includes clenching or grinding of the teeth. Sleep bruxism (SB) is the abnormal, nonfunctional contact of the teeth and if ignored leads to the breakdown of dentition and orofacial pain. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment are considered to be of utmost importance. SB has multifactorial causes that have to be identified and managed by various treatment modalities. As bruxism events bring about tooth and restoration damage, it is of major concern for the dentists.

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Dental implant failures occur occasionally, and clinicians may hesitate to perform a second implantation because of the uncertain prognosis. The survival rate of retreated implants is lower than that generally reported after initial implant placement. The purpose of this review was to examine the survival rate of implants placed at sites which had an implant failure and to investigate factors that might affect outcomes after retreatment.

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Background: Accurate measurement of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion is a very important step for the success of any prosthesis. It maintains the vertical height of the face and overall esthetic appearance of the patient. Various methods have been postulated to determine Vertical Dimension measurements, but no method is more accurate than the other. Aim and Objective: To determine a correlation between the Height of external Ear and vertical dimension of occlusion. Methodology: This study was conducted on 120 dentate subjects (60 males and 60 females) in the age range of 18-25 years. Each participant included, had all teeth present excluding 3rd molars, Class 1 jaw relation, and a harmonious as well as symmetrical face. Anthropometric measurements were recorded clinically in millimeters using a modified digital Vernier calliper. The data was input into a SPSSV.21 statistical software package for analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was utilized to study the correlation. Result: The mean height of external ear was 61.14 mm in males and 58.55 mm in females. The mean vertical dimension of occlusion(VDO) was 62.15 mm in males and 58.55 mm in females. The results showed a significant correlation between the pair. onclusion: This is a novel technique, using height of external ear as a guide, for measurement of VDO.

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Despite the high success rates and stability of dental implants, failures do occur. The most important etiological factors for early implant failure are surgical trauma together with bone volume and quality, while etiology of late failures is more controversial. Occlusal overload and peri-implantitis could be associated with late failures. Suboptimal implant design and improper prosthetics also play an important role in implant complications and failure. Early detection and treatment of initial progressive bone loss around dental implants by mechanical debridement with plastic/titanium/gold-plated instruments, antimicrobial therapy, and regenerative therapy are the keys for the revival of early failing implants. The aim of this paper is to describe different causes of failure in detail and treatment modalities to deal with dental implant failure.

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Objective: Comparing caries status and oral health behavior in rural and urban school children can reveal different etiological factors associated with dental caries, which will help in planning appropriate preventive program. Materials and Methods: The present longitudinal study was conducted among 7–9-year-old children, 200 each from randomly selected one urban and one rural school of Aligarh city. A preformed questionnaire was used to assess the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practice. Caries status was recorded using decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT)/deft index. School health education was given to the same children of both the schools. These steps were repeated at 6 and 12 months. Results: By independent t-test, significant effect of dental health education was seen at 6 months (P = 0.029) and 12 (P = 0.000) months with respect to increase in knowledge score and similar significant promising results were seen for increased attitude and practice score at 6 months (P = 0.0039) and 12 months (P = 0.000) for rural group. Reduction in def score was statistically significant by Mann–Whitney U-test at 6 months (P = 0.04) and at 12 months (P = 0.03) for rural group. Conclusion: Planned health education given through lecture – live demonstration lead to reduction in the deft/DMFT score; change in the d/D component to either m/M or f/F respectively as the treatment need be; and progressive increase in the knowledge, attitude, and practice score.

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Dental implants have greatly evolved over the past 20 years. Understanding and using biomechanical theories that affect endosseous implant design may improve the success of these implants in various load conditions and may allow the clinician to better apply these guidelines, with an improvement in success rates. This review attempts to integrate information available in the dental literature and address current controversies and issues in selecting the diameter, length, and shapes of dental implants.

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Background: Accurate measurement of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion is a very important step for the success of any prosthesis. It maintains the vertical height of the face and overall esthetic appearance of the patient. Various methods have been postulated to determine Vertical Dimension measurements, but no method is more accurate than the other. Aim and Objective: To determine a correlation between the Height of external Ear and vertical dimension of occlusion. Methodology: This study was conducted on 120 dentate subjects (60 males and 60 females) in the age range of 18-25 years. Each participant included, had all teeth present excluding 3rd molars, Class 1 jaw relation, and a harmonious as well as symmetrical face. Anthropometric measurements were recorded clinically in millimeters using a modified digital Vernier calliper. The data was input into a SPSSV.21 statistical software package for analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was utilized to study the correlation. Result: The mean height of external ear was 61.14 mm in males and 58.55 mm in females. The mean vertical dimension of occlusion(VDO) was 62.15 mm in males and 58.55 mm in females. The results showed a significant correlation between the pair. Conclusion: This is a novel technique, using height of external ear as a guide, for measurement of VDO.

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The early stage of dental peri-implant wound healing is very important and involves the body's initial response to a foreign material: protein adsorption, platelet activation, coagulation, and inflammation. This results in the formation of a stable fibrin clot that is a depot for growth factors and allows for osteoconduction. Dental implants are believed to be critical in developing biologic design criteria for implant surfaces. This review article shows that treatment outcomes in dental implantology will be critically dependent on proper wound healing.

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Background: Maintaining a physically active lifestyle is must for a healthy body and mind. Regular exercise is known to be associated with reduced mortality and reduced incidence of systemic diseases. It has been documented that children between the ages of 7 and 14 years are more prone to injuries, especially dental as they have not developed proper coordination and less aware of the prevention of injuries while playing. Dental injuries include lip lacerations, avulsion of teeth, fractures of teeth, and jaws. Prognosis of dental trauma is better if the first-line treatment received by the patient is done by person who is aware and knows all the possible treatment modalities. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study was to take into consideration the knowledge the population has about the dental trauma and the various preventive measures for the same. Materials and Method: For the study, a sample size of 150 patients were included and divided into a group of 75 amles and 75 females respectively. The participants were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Parents of children who were engaged in contact and non contact sports were included to complete the study. Results: The p-value was calculated for the study and was highly non significant as the knowledge about the dental trauma and preventive measures were found to be similar between the male and female participants. More than half of the population had no clue about re-plantation of the avulsed tooth from the oral cavity. Conclusion: Majority of the study population had knowledge about fractured tooth and lip laceration, on the other hand they had little or no knowledge regarding the preventive measures for the dental trauma. The studies for larger sample size and wide range of age groups in different areas in Maharashtra are recommended to overview the Knowledge and various preventive measures that an individual can take when injured while playing sports.

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Background: A new and innovative technique to guide the mandible to centric relation. Aim: To design an innovative technique to guide the mandible into centric relation. Objective: To achieve the centric relation in an easy way. Materials and Methods: With some modification on the denture base the tongue is assisted to the posterior part of the palate thus guiding the mandible to centric relation. Results: This technique guides the mandible to centric relation. Conclusion: The Mandible is guided to the centric relation by this technique.

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Background: Oral health is a mirror of general health. Certain risk factors are common between oral and systemic diseases. The absence of teeth also affects oral health by altering the quality of life. Hence, the nutritional changes occurring in elderly patients following prosthodontic rehabilitation are evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients who underwent prosthodontic treatment for missing teeth were included in the study. Twice measurement of nutritional parameters was done: Initially at the time of diagnosis and then 5 months following commencement of the prosthodontic treatment. Dental analysis, evaluation of the diet, anthropometric assessment, and analysis of serum biochemical values were done in all the patients, and tabulated records were maintained. Independent Student's t-test and Tukey's test were done to assess the level of significance. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. The complete denture (CD) group showed the highest alteration in the mean values of the nutritional parameters followed by the removable partial denture group. A significant change was seen in the body mass index, protein, carbohydrate, and iron levels among the different patients who were grouped based on the mode of treatment modality. The CD group showed significantly higher mean change in carbohydrates value compared with mean change in patients receiving fixed treatment. Conclusion: Our results conclude that nutrition and diet form an integral part of prosthodontic treatment to maintain the health of elderly population.

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Toothbrush has been a vital part of day-to-day routine across many cultures worldwide from the times of the distant past and ancientness to the recent 21^st century. Over the years, numerous types of toothbrushes have been devised and designed till now. Some of the toothbrushes proposed the purpose of solving physically and mentally handicapped patients. It has been used in the reduction of dental plaque after various acceptability and tolerance of each device. We probably did not think of inventions along with the latest technology when we think of a toothbrush. Nonetheless, you should do so, despite the fact that the toothbrush has been around since 3500 BC. Electric toothbrushes were first introduced in 1969, and the modern toothbrush as we know it was invented in the late 1800s. Despite the addition of the latest technology, for example, Bluetooth to electric toothbrushes in latest years, supplementary technological advancements in these devices have been slow. Moreover, toothbrushes have not changed all that much in terms of design. Latest ways of thinking are emerging. Technology has progressed to the point where advances that we once only imagined are now becoming a reality. It is perfectly possible for creators who have somewhat that acquires the public's hearts in addition desires to finance their project with amounts of money they could only have imagined. The next 10 years or so appear to have the potential to bring about significant changes. This review examines all of the latest technology as well as innovation affecting toothbrushes.

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Dental restorations associated with the development of novel microstructures for ceramic materials have caused an important change in the clinical workflow for dentists and technicians, as well as in the treatment options offered to patients. New microstructures have also been developed by the industry to offer ceramic and composite materials with optimized properties, i.e. good mechanical properties, appropriate wear behavior, and acceptable esthetic characteristics. The objective of this literature review is to discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of the new ceramic systems and processing methods.

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Eyes are generally the first feature of the face to be noticed. Several ocular and orbital disorders require surgical intervention that may result in ocular defects. In this case report, an easy and economical method of fabricating an ocular prosthesis with improved esthetics and color matching for a 4-year-old child diagnosed with retinoblastoma is described.

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The main goal of implant rehabilitation is to achieve osseo-integration. One of the most important features allowing for osseo-integration is primary stability implant. Primary implant stability depends on the quantity and quality of the bone, the fixture design, and the surgical technique used. This article highlights several surgical protocols proposed to enhance the survival of implants in the bone of low density.

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